11. Property, plant and equipment

(in millions of euros)

Land

Building

Other fixed installations

Rolling stock

Parts

Machinery & equipment

Assets under construction

Total

Composition per 1 January, 2015

        
         

Cost

129

557

170

5,966

96

604

405

7,927

Cumulative depreciation and impairments

31

256

129

3,800

66

488

-

4,770

Carrying amount as at 1 January, 2015

98

301

41

2,166

30

116

405

3,157

         

Changes in 2015

        

Additions

      

463

463

Capitalisations

2

133

7

155

1

52

-351

-1

Depreciation

-1

-21

-8

-224

-3

-29

-

-286

Exchage rate differences

-

1

-

1

-

-

-

2

Divestments

-2

-

-

1

-

-4

-

-5

Impairments

-

-

-1

-

-

-1

-

-2

Reversal impairments

-

-

-

2

-

-

-

2

Other changes

-

-

-7

2

-

-26

-3

-34

Total changes

-1

113

-9

-63

-2

-8

109

139

         

Composition per 31 December 2015

        
         

Cost

125

688

144

5,860

97

526

514

7,954

Cumulative depreciation and impairment

28

274

112

3,757

69

418

-

4,658

Carrying amount as at 31 December 2015

97

414

32

2,103

28

108

514

3,296

(in millions of euros)

Land

Building

Other fixed installations

Rolling stock

Parts

Machinery & equipment

Assets under construction

Total

Changes in 2016

        

Additions

      

704

704

Capitalisations

47

70

7

406

1

58

-542

47

Depreciation

-2

-25

-7

-206

-3

-27

-

-270

Exchange rate differences

-

-1

-

-2

-

-3

-

-6

Divestments

-4

-1

-3

-6

-

-2

-

-16

Impairments

-

-24

-

-

-

-

-

-24

Reversal impairments

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Other changes

-

-3

1

-62

-

-9

-4

-77

Total changes

41

16

-2

130

-2

17

158

358

         

Composition per 31 December 2016

        
         

Cost

168

750

144

6,139

97

529

672

8,499

Cumulative depreciation and impairment

30

320

114

3,906

71

404

-

4,845

Carrying amount as at 31 December 2016

138

430

30

2,233

26

125

672

3,654

The other changes in 2016 are mainly due to the transfer of tangible assets to assets held for sale (note 19) of € 76 million. Works and equipment under construction mainly consist of investments in trains and buildings.

Part of the rolling stock included as at the balance sheet date is part of the cross-border lease transactions that were concluded in the past. The book value of rolling stock financed by cross-border leases was €81 million at year-end 2016 (2015: €112 million).

For Eurofima loans that are not part of the cross-border lease finance arrangements, collateral has been provided in the form of pledges on rolling stock (see note 30). The book value for this is €10 million (2015: € 274 million). The decline of the pledge is due to the decrease of the Eurofima loans.

Impairment and reversals

As a result of developments in the lease portfolio of a station complex in the Netherlands, a review has been performed of the recoverable amount of this complex. The recoverable amount is set at € 78 million. This has resulted in an impairment loss of € 24 million.

The calculations that give rise to the impairments and their reversals are based on a weighted average post-tax discount rate that is between 5.5% and 7% (2015: between 5.5% and 7%).